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Rabu, 28 Oktober 2009

Belajar Business english lagih yuk ^^

Pronouns
Definisi
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Pronouns (Kata Ganti) adalah kata yang menggantikan kata benda (nouns).
Pembagian Pronouns
1. Personal Pronouns
2. Demonstrative Pronouns
3. Possessive Pronouns
4. Interrogative Pronouns
5. Relative Pronouns
6. Indefinite Pronouns
7. Reflexive Pronouns
8. Intensive Pronouns
9. Reciprocal Pronouns
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Penjelasan
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1. Personal Pronouns
Yaitu kata ganti orang, baik orang pertama, orang kedua maupun orang ketiga. Personal Pronouns berfungsi sebagai:
a. Nominative Subjective, yaitu menjadi subjek kalimat. I, we, you, they, he, she, it.
• I study English
• You are my new secretary.
b. Objective, yaitu menjadi objek kalimat. Me, us, you, them, him, her, it.
• She brings me a cup of coffee.
• I make you a kite.
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2. Demonstrative Pronouns (Kata Ganti Penunjuk)
• This, that, those, these.
• This is your book.
• Those are my pencils.
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Catatan:
Keempat kata di atas juga dapat dijumpai dalam Demonstrative Adjectives. Perbedaan penggunaannya hanya pada penggunaan kata benda (nouns) setelah keempat kata di atas untuk Demonstrative Adjectives.
• This book is yours (this = adjectives)
• This is your book. (this = pronouns)
• These are your pencils. (these = pronouns)
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3. Possessive Pronouns
Yaitu kata ganti yang menunjukkan kepemilikan. Mine, yours, theirs, ours, his, hers.
• This house is mine. (mine = Possessive Pronouns).
• This is my house. (my=Possessive Adjectives).
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4. Relative Pronouns
Yaitu kata yang menggantikan kata yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya.
Kata-kata yang dipakai adalah:
a. Menggantikan subjek.
Who (orang)
Which, that (benda, binatang)
b. Menggantikan Objek
whom (orang)
which, that (benda, binatang)
c. Menggantikan kepunyaan
whose (orang)
of which (benda, binatang)
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Catatan:
Semua kata-kata di atas (who, whom, whose, which, that, dan of which) dalam bahasa Indonesia artinya ‘Yang”.
Contoh:
• The man who cuts my hair is my uncle (Laki-laki yang memangkas rambut saya adalah paman saya).
• I am waiting for the man whom you are talking about.
• She borrows the novel of which cover is purple.
• Pembahasan lebih lanjut mengenai topic ini akan dibahas pada topic Adjective Clause.
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5. Interrogative Pronouns
Yaitu kata Tanya yang digunakan untuk mengawali suatu pertanyaan.
Kata yang dipakai adalah who, what, whom, dan which.
• Who are you?
• What is the color of your house? (what = Pronouns)
• What color is your house? (what = Adjectives)
• Which is your pen? (which = Pronouns)
• Which pen is yours? (which = Adjectives)
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6. Indefinite Pronouns (Kata Ganti Tak Tentu)
Kata-kata yang sering dipakai adalah: another, anybody, something, everyone, much, neither, one, none, dll.
• All work is not dull, some is pleasant.
• Most of the cars are new.
• Nobody is at home.
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7. Reflexive Pronouns
Yaitu kata ganti yang merupakan pantulan dari kata ganti (Pronouns) itu sendiri.
Perhatikan bentuk kata ganti jenis ini:
I = myself
You = yourself (kamu)
You = yourselves (kalian)
We = ourselves
They = themselves
He = himself
She = herself
It = itself
Contoh:
• I cut myself with a knife (saya kena pisau)
• They love themselves.
• I help myself this morning.
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8. Intensive Pronouns
Yaitu kata ganti yang juga merupakan pantulan dari kata ganti itu sendiri. Namun, letaknya sesudah nouns/pronouns itu sendiri. Kata ganti jenis ini berfungsi untuk lebih menekankan / menegaskan maksud pembicaraan.
Contoh:
• Henry himself who told me so. (Henry sendirilah yang mengatakan begitu kepadaku)
• Mary herself repaired the computer. (Mary sendirilah – bukan orang lain – yang memperbaiki computer itu)
• Jack himself gave me the book.
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Catatan:
Berhati-hatilah dengan penggunaan kata gantu jenis ini. Perhatikan 3 contoh kalimat di bawah ini dan perhatikan perbedaannya.
• Alex does the test himself. (= Alex mengerjakan test itu sendiri – tanpa bantuan orang lain)
• Ted himself does the test. (=Ted sendirilah – bukan orang lain – yang mengerjakan test itu)
• Bob does the test by himself. (= Bob mengerjakan test itu sendirian – tidak ada orang lain bersama dia)
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9. Reciprocal Pronouns
Yaitu kata ganti yang menyatakan hubungan timbale balik antara 2 atau lebih.
Frase yang digunakan adalah:
• Each other = satu sama lain (2 orang)
• One another = satu sama lain ( lebih dari 2 orang)
Contoh:
• Henry and Elizabeth loves each other. (Henry & Elizabeth saling mencintai/ Henry & Elizabeth mencintai satu sama lainnya)
• All children love one another.
Present Perfect Tense
Rumus:
subject + have + past participle (Kata Kerja Bentuk ke-3)
Perhatikan contoh berikut:
subject auxiliary verb main verb
+ I have seen the movie.
+ You have eaten my apple.
- She has not been to England.
- We have not played cards.
? Have you finished?
? Have they done it?
Tense ini digunakan untuk:
• Pengalaman
• Perubahan
• Situasi Yang berkelanjutan
Perhatikan contoh-contoh kalimatnya berikut ini:
• We have never eaten pizza. (=I do not have any experience to eat pizza)
• John has broken his leg. (=yesterday John had a good leg)
• I have lived in Medan for 3 years.
For & Since dengan Present Perfect Tense
• Kita memakai for untuk membicarakan tentang sebuah periode waktu.
• Kita memakai since untuk membicarakan tentang titik (batas waktu) di masa lampau.
Perhatikan contoh-contoh berikut ini:
• I have been here for 10 minutes.
• I have been here since 4 o’clock.
• Ann hasn’t called me for 3 months.
• Margareth hasn’t called since March .
• He has worked in Los Angeles for a long time.
• He has worked in Alabama since he left school.


Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Rumus:
subject + have / has + been + K.Kerja + ing
Perhatikan contoh-contoh kalimat berikut:
subject auxiliary verb auxiliary verb main verb
+ I have been waiting for one hour.
+ You have been talking too much.
- It has not been raining.
- We have not been playing football.
? Have you been seeing her?
? Have they been doing their homework?
Kita menggunakan Tense ini untuk menjelaskan:
• Satu kejadian/kegiatan yang baru saja berlangsung
• Satu perbuatan yang berlangsung hingga sekarang (pada saat bicara masih terjadi)
Perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut:
• I am tired because I have been running (baru saja terjadi)
• I have been reading for 2 hours (Sekarang masih membaca buku)
Perhatikan perbedaan antara Present Perfect Tense dan Present Perfect Continuous Tense berikut:
• Bob has watched TV for an hour(sekarang Bob tidak lagi menonton TV lagi)
• Henry has been watching TV for an hour (sekarang Henry masih menonton TV)


Present Continuous Tense
Rumus:
subject + is, am, are + kata kerja + ing
Perhatikan contoh berikut ini:
subject auxiliary verb main verb
+ I am talking to you.
+ You are reading this book.
- She is not staying in Medan.
- We are not playing softball.
? Is he watching TV?
? Are they waiting for Alex?
Tense ini dipakai untuk menjelaskan tentang:
• Kejadian yang sedang terjadi sekarang, atau
• Kejadian yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang
Perhatikan contoh-contoh kalimat berikut untuk menjelaskan kejadian yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang
• We‘re eating in a luxury restaurant tonight. We’ve already booked the table.
• They can play golf with you tomorrow. They‘re not working.
Pada contoh diatas, kita telah memiliki Sebuah rencana yang matang sebelum kita berbicara. Keputusan dan rencananya dibuat sebelum berbicara.

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